$$
% create the definition symbol
\def\bydef{\stackrel{\Delta}{=}}
%\def\circconv{\otimes}
\def\circconv{\circledast}
\newcommand{\qed}{\mbox{ } \Box}
\newcommand{\infint}{\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}}
% z transform
\newcommand{\ztp}{ ~~ \mathop{\mathcal{Z}}\limits_{\longleftrightarrow} ~~ }
\newcommand{\iztp}{ ~~ \mathop{\mathcal{Z}^{-1}}\limits_{\longleftrightarrow} ~~ }
% fourier transform pair
\newcommand{\ftp}{ ~~ \mathop{\mathcal{F}}\limits_{\longleftrightarrow} ~~ }
\newcommand{\iftp}{ ~~ \mathop{\mathcal{F}^{-1}}\limits_{\longleftrightarrow} ~~ }
% laplace transform
\newcommand{\ltp}{ ~~ \mathop{\mathcal{L}}\limits_{\longleftrightarrow} ~~ }
\newcommand{\iltp}{ ~~ \mathop{\mathcal{L}^{-1}}\limits_{\longleftrightarrow} ~~ }
\newcommand{\ftrans}[1]{ \mathcal{F} \left\{#1\right\} }
\newcommand{\iftrans}[1]{ \mathcal{F}^{-1} \left\{#1\right\} }
\newcommand{\ztrans}[1]{ \mathcal{Z} \left\{#1\right\} }
\newcommand{\iztrans}[1]{ \mathcal{Z}^{-1} \left\{#1\right\} }
\newcommand{\ltrans}[1]{ \mathcal{L} \left\{#1\right\} }
\newcommand{\iltrans}[1]{ \mathcal{L}^{-1} \left\{#1\right\} }
% coordinate vector relative to a basis (linear algebra)
\newcommand{\cvrb}[2]{\left[ \vec{#1} \right]_{#2} }
% change of coordinate matrix (linear algebra)
\newcommand{\cocm}[2]{ \mathop{P}\limits_{#2 \leftarrow #1} }
% Transformed vector set
\newcommand{\tset}[3]{\{#1\lr{\vec{#2}_1}, #1\lr{\vec{#2}_2}, \dots, #1\lr{\vec{#2}_{#3}}\}}
% sum transformed vector set
\newcommand{\tsetcsum}[4]{{#1}_1#2(\vec{#3}_1) + {#1}_2#2(\vec{#3}_2) + \cdots + {#1}_{#4}#2(\vec{#3}_{#4})}
\newcommand{\tsetcsumall}[4]{#2\lr{{#1}_1\vec{#3}_1 + {#1}_2\vec{#3}_2 + \cdots + {#1}_{#4}\vec{#3}_{#4}}}
\newcommand{\cvecsum}[3]{{#1}_1\vec{#2}_1 + {#1}_2\vec{#2}_2 + \cdots + {#1}_{#3}\vec{#2}_{#3}}
% function def
\newcommand{\fndef}[3]{#1:#2 \to #3}
% vector set
\newcommand{\vset}[2]{\{\vec{#1}_1, \vec{#1}_2, \dots, \vec{#1}_{#2}\}}
% absolute value
\newcommand{\abs}[1]{\left| #1 \right|}
% vector norm
\newcommand{\norm}[1]{\left|\left| #1 \right|\right|}
% trans
\newcommand{\trans}{\mapsto}
% evaluate integral
\newcommand{\evalint}[3]{\left. #1 \right|_{#2}^{#3}}
% slist
\newcommand{\slist}[2]{{#1}_{1},{#1}_{2},\dots,{#1}_{#2}}
% vectors
\newcommand{\vc}[1]{\textbf{#1}}
% real
\newcommand{\Real}[1]{{\Re \mit{e}\left\{{#1}\right\}}}
% imaginary
\newcommand{\Imag}[1]{{\Im \mit{m}\left\{{#1}\right\}}}
\newcommand{\mcal}[1]{\mathcal{#1}}
\newcommand{\bb}[1]{\mathbb{#1}}
\newcommand{\N}{\mathbb{N}}
\newcommand{\Z}{\mathbb{Z}}
\newcommand{\Q}{\mathbb{Q}}
\newcommand{\R}{\mathbb{R}}
\newcommand{\C}{\mathbb{C}}
\newcommand{\I}{\mathbb{I}}
\newcommand{\Th}[1]{\mathop\mathrm{Th(#1)}}
\newcommand{\intersect}{\cap}
\newcommand{\union}{\cup}
\newcommand{\intersectop}{\bigcap}
\newcommand{\unionop}{\bigcup}
\newcommand{\setdiff}{\backslash}
\newcommand{\iso}{\cong}
\newcommand{\aut}[1]{\mathop{\mathrm{Aut(#1)}}}
\newcommand{\inn}[1]{\mathop{\mathrm{Inn(#1)}}}
\newcommand{\Ann}[1]{\mathop{\mathrm{Ann(#1)}}}
\newcommand{\dom}[1]{\mathop{\mathrm{dom} #1}}
\newcommand{\cod}[1]{\mathop{\mathrm{cod} #1}}
\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}
\newcommand{\st}{\ |\ }
\newcommand{\mbf}[1]{\mathbf{#1}}
\newcommand{\enclose}[1]{\left\langle #1\right\rangle}
\newcommand{\lr}[1]{\left( #1\right)}
\newcommand{\lrsq}[1]{\left[ #1\right]}
\newcommand{\op}{\mathrm{op}}
\newcommand{\dotarr}{\dot{\rightarrow}}
%Category Names:
\newcommand{\Grp}{\mathbf{Grp}}
\newcommand{\Ab}{\mathbf{Ab}}
\newcommand{\Set}{\mathbf{Set}}
\newcommand{\Matr}{\mathbf{Matr}}
\newcommand{\IntDom}{\mathbf{IntDom}}
\newcommand{\Field}{\mathbf{Field}}
\newcommand{\Vect}{\mathbf{Vect}}
\newcommand{\thm}[1]{\begin{theorem} #1 \end{theorem}}
\newcommand{\clm}[1]{\begin{claim} #1 \end{claim}}
\newcommand{\cor}[1]{\begin{corollary} #1 \end{corollary}}
\newcommand{\ex}[1]{\begin{example} #1 \end{example}}
\newcommand{\prf}[1]{\begin{proof} #1 \end{proof}}
\newcommand{\prbm}[1]{\begin{problem} #1 \end{problem}}
\newcommand{\soln}[1]{\begin{solution} #1 \end{solution}}
\newcommand{\rmk}[1]{\begin{remark} #1 \end{remark}}
\newcommand{\defn}[1]{\begin{definition} #1 \end{definition}}
\newcommand{\ifff}{\LeftRightArrow}
<!-- For the set of reals and integers -->
\newcommand{\rr}{\R}
\newcommand{\reals}{\R}
\newcommand{\ii}{\Z}
\newcommand{\cc}{\C}
\newcommand{\nn}{\N}
\newcommand{\nats}{\N}
<!-- For terms being indexed.
Puts them in standard font face and creates an index entry.
arg: The term being defined.
\newcommand{\pointer}[1]{#1\index{#1}} -->
<!-- For bold terms to be index, but defined elsewhere
Puts them in bold face and creates an index entry.
arg: The term being defined. -->
\newcommand{\strong}[1]{\textbf{#1}}
<!-- For set names.
Puts them in italics. In math mode, yields decent spacing.
arg: The name of the set. -->
\newcommand{\set}[1]{\textit{#1}}
$$
@article{bisson,
Abstract = {The article discusses the development of the Internet, a global computer network that allows users to share information. The Internet was born when the military created ARPAnet, a defense research network that was designed to facilitate the creation of a network that can never be destroyed. The author suggests that ARPAnet was able to become so powerful because its developers stressed the use of open systems, formats, and standards, which allowed users to constantly improve upon its infrastructure.},
Author = {Bisson, Casey},
ISSN = {00242586},
Journal = {Library Technology Reports},
Keywords = {INFORMATION networks, DATA transmission systems, INTELLECTUAL cooperation, INFORMATION technology, INTERNET, ARPANET (Computer network)},
Number = {3},
Pages = {21 - 27},
Title = {Open Systems, Formats, and Standards.},
Volume = {43},
Year = {2007}
}